k-strip: A novel segmentation algorithm in k-space for the application of skull stripping
Abstract
Background and objective We present a novel deep learning-based skull stripping algorithm for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that works directly in the information rich complex valued k-space. Methods Using four datasets from different institutions with a total of around 200,000 MRI slices, we show that our network can perform skull-stripping on the raw data of MRIs while preserving the phase information which no other skull stripping algorithm is able to work with. For two of the datasets, skull stripping performed by HD-BET (Brain Extraction Tool) in the image domain is used as the ground truth, whereas the third and fourth dataset comes with per-hand annotated brain segmentations. Results All four datasets were very similar to the ground truth (DICE scores of 92 %–99 % and Hausdorff distances of under 5.5 pixel). Results on slices above the eye-region reach DICE scores of up to 99 %, whereas the accuracy drops in regions around the eyes and below, with partially blurred output. The output of k-Strip often has smoothed edges at the demarcation to the skull. Binary masks are created with an appropriate threshold. Conclusion With this proof-of-concept study, we were able to show the feasibility of working in the k-space frequency domain, preserving phase information, with consistent results. Besides preserving valuable information for further diagnostics, this approach makes an immediate anonymization of patient data possible, already before being transformed into the image domain. Future research should be dedicated to discovering additional ways the k-space can be used for innovative image analysis and further workflows.
Moritz Rempe
PhD Student
Jan Egger
Team Lead AI-guided Therapies
